OPLS bi-plot showed that the high ellagic acid constituents and total tannins yield of the methanol extraction influenced its potent radical scavenging activity, while the ellagitannin constituents including punicalagins, granatin A, geraniin and casuarinin influenced the high TFC, as well as the potent Fe³⁺ reducing, ORAC and anti-lipid peroxidative activities of acetone extraction. PCA and OPLS models adequately characterized, described and predicted the variation and patterns in the antioxidant and ellagitannins datasets (up to 95% for PCA). LCMS-quantified ellagitannins in the tannins varied for the different extractions. Tannins purified using Amberlite® XAD16N resin were highest for acetone and methanol extractions. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and anti-lipid peroxidative activities of both solvent extractions outperformed that of the ethanol and water extractions. Acetone extraction had the highest (p ˂ 0.05) total phenol (TFC) and flavonoid contents and strongest (p ˂ 0.05) Fe³⁺ reducing effect, while methanol extraction had the strongest (p ˂ 0.05) radical scavenging activity. This study employed advanced chemometrics models, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) in determining the solvent extraction (among methanol, ethanol, acetone and water) that will yield optimum antioxidant and ellagitannins profiles from “Wonderful” pomegranate peel. Studies have explored different extraction solvents to maximize recovery of the bioactive phytochemicals in pomegranate peel but lack proper statistical correlation between the extraction solvent, phytochemistry and bioactivity. The results of this study could inform the development of correctional programmes centred on the unique treatment needs of incarcerated female offenders to assist offenders with adjusting to the correctional environment.Įllagitannins are the predominant bioactive tannins present in the peel of pomegranate. The data were collected using questionnaires, and the findings indicated that the combination of some variables (Significant Other and Seeking Social Support) predicted Internal Adjustment, (Stress and Family) predicted External Adjustment, and (Stress and Significant Other) predicted Physical Adjustment of the female offenders. This study employed a quantitative research approach on a sample of 123 female offenders. Therefore, investigating the possible predictor variables of correctional adjustment among incarcerated female offenders within the South African context is important. Incarcerated female offenders who experience adjustment difficulties in the correctional environment tend to experience increased mental and physical health concerns. Incarceration is a challenging and stressful experience that requires offenders to alter their previous functioning and adjust to the correctional environment. The calculated diffusion parameters, namely, the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy, are well within the bounds of the available data. Thin films of Cu (150 nm)/Ni (150 nm)/SiOx/Si (100 nm) were produced as examples, and Auger electron spectroscopy was used to determine the respective depth profiles. The transformation of the grain boundary diffusion profile yields a composition-dependent interdiffusion coefficient, and the calculation’s outcome is consistent with the theoretical conclusion drawn from the Darken equation. For most of the circumstances covered in this study, the technique is effective.
We may produce a profile that is like the direct volume diffusion profile with a relative inaccuracy of 7.53% by using a method that is provided to eliminate the impacts of grain boundaries and grain size on the grain boundary diffusion profile. Regarding the situation where the plateau values of the Ni concentration in the Cu layer and the Cu concentration in the Ni layer are almost the same for the case where the Ni intrinsic diffusion coefficient is significantly bigger than that for Cu, a detailed explanation is provided. Fick’s second law provides a quantitative assessment of the effects of grain size, volume, grain boundary diffusion coefficient, diffusion temperature, and time on the depth profile. Together, the composition-dependent interdiffusion coefficient and the position of the grain boundary are considered. Numerical research is done on grain boundary diffusion of Cu-Ni bilayer thin films.
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